| Siege of Ranthambore | |||||||||
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| Part of Mughal-Rajput War 1558-1578 | |||||||||
Akbar directing the attack against Rai Surjan Hada at Ranthambhor Fort |
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| Belligerents | |||||||||
| Mughal Empire | Rajputs of Ranthambore Fort |
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| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
| Akbar Mehtar Khan Abdul Hasan Asaf Khan Ghazi Khan Badakshani Munim Khan |
Rai Surjan Hada Udai Singh Maharana Pratap |
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| Strength | |||||||||
| 70,000 men 96 cannons 50 swivel guns 900 Matchlocks 4000 War elephants |
12,000 men 100 War elephants |
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| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| 200 | 3000 | ||||||||
Siege of Ranthambore, on February 8, 1568, Akbar lead a massive Mughal Army composed of over 50,000 men and besieged Ranthambore Fort. Akbar had become emboldened after his victories at the Battle of Thanesar and the Siege of Chittorgarh and only Ranthambore Fort remained unconquered. Akbar believed that Ranthambore Fort was a major threat to Mughal Empire because it housed Rajputs who considered themselves sworn enemies of the Mughals.
Akbar had first besieged Ranthambore Fort in the year 1558, but decided instead to capture Gwalior, northern Rajputana and Jaunpur.
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After successful Mughal victories around Rajputana and the fall of Akbar's most notorious enemies during the Siege of Chittorgarh, Akbar decided to capture Ranthambore Fort, which was considered the strongest fortress in Rajputana and widely believed to be impregnable.
The Rajputs in Ranthambore Fort were under the command of Rai Surjan Hada, of the Hada clan of Bundi. Rai Surjan Hada was greatly demoralized by Akbar's victory during the Siege of Chittorgarh but however refused to surrender at first.
The Siege of Ranthambore began in February 8, 1568, elite Mughal force of 5,000 captured an 8 mile circumference around Ranthambore Fort. Akbar then led an army of more than 30,000 Mughals bringing along with themselves some of the most largest cannons ever built in the Mughal Empire. Akbars ranks expanded to over 70,000 within weeks of the siege.
Akbar setup the Red imperial tent in front of the hill that lead to the gateway into Ranthambore Fort. Akbar then armed his camp with massive cannons three of which were more than 15 ft long. Akbar then ordered his men to capture three nearby rocky outcrops, Akbar then placed cannon batteries on those positions. it was from these three positions that Akbar bombarded Ranthambore Fort, which was perched on top of a steep rock cliff.[1]
As the siege continued Akbar placed even bigger cannons and high velocity mortars on the two rocky outcrops facing Ranthambore Fort.[2] Akbar also ordered his men to begin constructing sabats, or covered ways, in order to allow the army to move nearer to the enemy. Within weeks the sabats allow Akbar's men to gain control of territories just underneath the steep slope of Ranthambore Fort. The Mughals built prefabricated walls to protect their gains around the fort and then placed highly accurate narrow barreled long-cannons that were about 20–25 ft in length.[3] The long-cannons and Volley guns that were effectively utilized during the siege were known to have been designed by the prestigious inventor Fathullah Shirazi.
As a result of such close bombardment flames began to shoot out from the buildings within the fort's walls and the sky is black with smoke, even War elephants within the fort went rouge. It was during this stage that Akbar personally massed soldiers near the gates of the fort and was ready to advance on the fort.
Finally on March 21, 1568, Rai Surjan Hada opened the gate of Ranthambore Fort and allowed the Mughal Army to enter after he collected statues of Hindu deities from the temples and personally welcomed Akbar into Ranthambore Fort.[4] Akbar then invited Rai Surjan Hada to his imperial camp and in the evening of that very day Rai Surjan Hada, the ruler of Ranthambhor, submitted to the Mughal Emperor Akbar, after a fiercely fought campaign of immense strategic importance to the expansion of the Mughal Empire. Akbar is known to have been seated on a throne under a canopy, when Rai Surjan Hada bowed in submission before him.[5]
Mehtar Khan was then appointed by Akbar to be the commander of the Mughal garrison at Ranthambore Fort after Rai Surjan Hada was sent to Bundi.
After being besieged for more than a month Rai Surjan Hada and his Hindu Rajputs eventually surrendered Ranthambore Fort, which was considered to be impregnable. Akbar then marched towards Kalinjar Fort, and the Rajputs there also surrendered without objection.